Essay On Breast Cancer - 1547 Words

Breast Cancer In 2016, breast cancer was the commonest diagnosed cancer in women with 17 million cases diagnosed and a resultant 5 million deaths. In the Western world, improved treatments and screening programmes have resulted in a 5-year survival of 80-90% (WHO, 2016). However, a third of breast cancer patients are found to have distant metastases at diagnosis, bringing their 5-year survival rate down by 25% (Siegel et al., 2004). Metastasis occurs when tumour cells travel through the vascular or lymphatic system and grow in distant organs, commonly bone, lung, liver and brain. Current treatment involves surgical removal of the visible tumour bulk followed by chemo- and radio- therapy targeting distant spread. Breast cancer is†¦show more content†¦Tumour Micro-environment The tumour stroma appears to be a major factor in tumour progression after initial tumour formation (Conklin and Keely, 2007). It initially protects against tumourigenesis; but neoplastic cells cause changes and recruit various other cell lines with a multitude of functions, forming a tumour micro-environment (TME). This is defined as â€Å"a heterogeneous population of cells consisting of the tumor bulk plus supporting cells† (Bussard et al., 2006). The tumour cells recruit the stroma cells and cause a reactive phenotype, known as tumor-associated stromal cells (TASCs). Mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, fibroblasts and various other immune cells are all components of the TME,each with specific functions. When activated, they take on a similar in function to those found in inflammation and wound healing and cause fibroblast infiltration, recruitment of immune cells, remodelling of the extracellular matrix. This is why cancer has been likened to a wound that never heals, the tumour stroma being chronically activated and promoting growth and angiogenesis (Dvorak, 1984). The rapid proliferation of tumour cells soon exhausts the existing vascular supply and brings about a hypoxic environment in the TME (Coussens and Werb, 2005). Endothelial and stromal cells form aShow MoreRelated Breast Cancer Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pages BREAST CANCER I) Anatomy of the breast nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The breast is a gland designed to make milk. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; II) What is breast cancer? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Breast cancer is an abnormal growth of cells. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;These abnormal growths are called tumors. 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ThisRead More Breast Cancer Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesBreast Cancer There is a large amount of women who are diagnosed with breast cancer every day but they usually do not know a lot about it in terms of how it forms and the many ways it can be treated. Breast cancer is a very serious disease that shouldn’t be taken lightly; if it is left untreated it can spread to other organs and eventually kill you.   Even if you do not have breast cancer, chances are that you know or will know someone who will get it, so it is imperative that people understandRead More Breast Cancer Essay1235 Words   |  5 PagesBreast Cancer Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. There are many different types of cancer that are affecting people all over. Breast Cancer is one of these, and is found in man and women. Over 200,000 women and 1,300 men have been diagnosed with breast cancer this year. One in eight women will detect breast cancer in their lifetime. Men are less than one percent of the cases of breast cancer that are detected. Although prevention is not yet available, earlyRead More Breast Cancer Essay907 Words   |  4 Pages Breast cancer is a frightening disease. It can be fatal, and while two thirds of the cases occur among mature women, it also strikes younger females and about nine thousand males each year. The fear generated by breast cancer is intensified by the somewhat shocking reality that breast cancer has actually increased over the last fifty years. In 1940, a woman had a one-in-twenty chance of developing the disease, while today one out of every eight women w ill get breast cancer. According to the National